Detection of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae and Mannheimia haemolytica as causative agents of pleuropneumonia in goats / Detección de Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae y Mannheimia haemolytica como agentes causales de pleuro-neumonia en cabras

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was detection of two major causative agents of pleuropneumonia, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) and Mannheimia haemolytica, in goats. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first investigation of Mccp in Iran. Methods: 50 grossly suspected lungs to pleuropneumonia and 10 healthy samples were collected from Shiraz abattoir. Results: Histopathological evaluation of tissue samples showed various diagnosed pneumonias including 40% bronchointerstitial pneumonia (20 samples), 34% interstitial pneumonia (17 samples), 10% fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia (5 samples), 12% purulent bronchopneumonia (6 samples) and 4% chronic pneumonia (2 samples). In molecular study, all 50 suspected samples and 10 healthy ones by PCR showed no Mccp positive sample, but the detection rate of M. haemolytica in suspected samples was 14% and in healthy lungs was zero. Conclusions: It may be concluded that goats referred to Shiraz abattoir is free of Mccp. Further sampling and molecular testing at the level of suspected herds to CCPP can be useful.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue la detección de dos agentes causantes principales de pleuroneumonía, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp) y Mannheimia haemolytica, en cabras. Hasta donde sabemos, este estudio es la primera investigación de Mccp en Irán. Métodos: 50 pulmones muy sospechosos de pleuroneumonía y 10 muestras sanas se obtuvieron del matadero de Shiraz. Resultados: La evaluación histopatológica de muestras de tejido mostró varias neumonías diagnosticadas, incluyendo 40% de neumonía broncointersticial (20 muestras), 34% de neumonía intersticial (17 muestras), 10% de bronconeumonía fibrinopurulenta (5 muestras), 12% de bronconeumonía purulenta (6 muestras) y 4% neumonía crónica (2 muestras). En un estudio molecular, las 50 muestras sospechosas y 10 sanas por PCR no mostraron una muestra positiva de Mccp, pero la tasa de detección de M. haemolytica en muestras sospechosas fue del 14% y en pulmones sanos fue cero. Conclusiones: se puede concluir que las cabras referidas al matadero Shiraz están libres de Mccp. La realización de muestreo adicional y pruebas moleculares a nivel de rebaños sospechosos para CCPP puede ser útil.

Histophilus somni-associated syndromes in sheep from Southern Brazil

Abstract Histophilus somni is a Gram-negative bacterium that is associated with a disease complex (termed histophilosis) that can produce several clinical syndromes predominantly in cattle, but also in sheep. Histophilosis is well described in North America, Canada, and in some European countries. In Brazil, histophilosis has been described in cattle with respiratory, reproductive, and systemic disease, with only one case described in sheep. This report describes the occurrence of Histophilus somni-associated disease in sheep from Southern Brazil. Eight sheep with different clinical manifestations from five farms were investigated by a combination of pathological and molecular diagnostic methods to identify additional cases of histophilosis in sheep from Brazil. The principal pathological lesions were thrombotic meningoencephalitis, fibrinous bronchopneumonia, pulmonary abscesses, and necrotizing myocarditis. The main clinical syndromes associated with H. somni were thrombotic meningoencephalitis (n = 4), septicemia (n = 4), bronchopneumonia (n = 4), and myocarditis (n = 3). H. somni DNA was amplified from multiple tissues of all sheep with clinical syndromes of histophilosis; sequencing confirmed the PCR results. Further, PCR assays to detect Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica were negative. These findings confirmed the participation of H. somni in the clinical syndromes investigated during this study, and adds to the previous report of histophilosis in sheep from Brazil.

Mannheimia haemolytica growth and leukotoxin production for vaccine manufacturing: a bioprocess review

Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin (LKT) is a known cause of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) which results in severe economic losses in the cattle industry (up to USD 1 billion per year in the USA). Vaccines based on LKT offer the most promising measure to contain BRD outbreaks and are already commercially available. However, insufficient LKT yields, predominantly reflecting a lack of knowledge about the LKT expression process, remain a significant engineering problem and further bioprocess optimization is required to increase process efficiency. Most previous investigations have focused on LKT activity and cell growth, but neither of these parameters defines reliable criteria for the improvement of LKT yields. In this article, we review the most important process conditions and operational parameters (temperature, pH, substrate concentration, dissolved oxygen level, medium composition and the presence of metabolites) from a bioprocess engineering perspective, in order to maximize LKT yields.

A fast and simple assay to quantify bacterial leukotoxin activity

Background: Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial pathogen in causing bovine respiratory disease with tremendous annual losses in the cattle industry. The leukotoxin from M. haemolytica is the predominant virulence factor. Several leukotoxin activity assays are available but not standardized regarding sample preparation and cell line. Furthermore, these assays suffer from a high standard error, a prolonged time consumption and often complex sample pretreatments, which is important from the bioprocess engineering point of view. Results: Within this study, an activity assay based on the continuous cell line BL3.1 combined with a commercial available adenosine triphosphate viability assay kit was established. The leukotoxin activity was found to be strongly dependent on the sample preparation. Furthermore, the interfering effect of lipopolysaccharides in the sample could be successfully suppressed by adding polymyxin B. We reached a maximum relative P95 value of 14%, which is more than seven times lower compared to current available assays as well as a time reduction up to 88%. Conclusion: Ultimately, the established leukotoxin activity assay is simple, fast and has a high reproducibility. Critical parameters regarding the sample preparation were characterized and optimized making complex sample purification superfluous.

Atypical mannheimiosis in captive rheas (Rhea americana) / Mannheimiose atípica em emas (Rhea americana) cativas

Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) is a major cause of respiratory disease in bovine complex (BRDC) that causes great economic losses. To this day, there are no reports of birds affected by this bacterium. The present report describes an atypical outbreak of mannheimiosis in captive rheas (Rhea americana).(AU)

Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) é uma das principais causas da doença do complexo respiratório dos bovinos (DCRB) que causa grandes perdas econômicas. Até os dias atuais, não há relato de aves acometidas por tal bactéria. Relata-se um surto atípico de mannheimiose em emas em cativeiro (Rhea americana).(AU)

Effect of particulate matter less than 10µm (PM10) on mortality in Bogota, Colombia: a time-series analysis, 1998-2006 / Efecto del material particulado menor a 10µm (PM10) sobre la mortalidad en Bogotá, Colombia: un análisis de series de tiempo 1998-2006

Objective. To analyze the association between daily mortality from different causes and acute exposure to particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), in Bogota, Colombia. Materials and methods. A time-series ecological study was conducted from 1998 to 2006. The association between mortality (due to different causes) and exposure was analyzed using single and distributed lag models and adjusting for potential confounders. Results. For all ages, the cumulative effect of acute mortality from all causes and respiratory causes increased 0.71% (95%CI 0.46-0.96) and 1.43% (95%CI 0.85-2.00), respectively, per 10µg/m³ increment in daily average PM10 with a lag of three days before death. Cumulative effect of mortality from cardiovascular causes was -0.03% (95%CI -0.49-0.44%) with the same lag. Conclusions. The results suggest an association between an increase in PM10 concentrations and acute mortality from all causes and respiratory causes.

Objetivo. Analizar la asociación entre la mortalidad diaria debida a distintas causas y la exposición aguda a partículas menores de 10 micras de diámetro aerodinámico (PM10), en Bogotá, Colombia. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de series de tiempo (1998-2006). La asociación entre mortalidad y exposición se analizó ajustando modelos de retraso simple y retraso distribuido para diferentes causas de mortalidad. Resultados. En todas las edades, el riesgo acumulado en la mortalidad aguda por todas las causas y causa respiratoria aumentó 0.71% (IC95% 0.46-0.96) y 1.43% (IC95% 0.85-2.00), respectivamente, por incremento de 10µg/m³ en el promedio diario de PM10, tomando un retraso de tres días anteriores al deceso, mientras el riesgo acumulado en la mortalidad por causa cardiovascular fue de -0.03% (IC95% -0.49-0.44), para el mismo retraso. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren asociación entre el incremento de las concentraciones de PM10 y la mortalidad aguda por todas las causas y causa respiratoria.

The response of bronchial associated lymphoid tissue to intratracheal administration of peste des petit ruminants virus and its Co-Infection with mannheimia hemolytica in goats / Respuesta del tejido linfoide asociado con bronquios a la administración intratraqueal del virus peste de pequeños rumiantes y su coinfección con Mannheimia hemolytica en cabras

The morphometry of bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and its possible exploration as to the control of common viral and bacterial pneumonia and their co-infection in Sub-Saharan goats is scanty in literatures. This investigation utilizes archival tissues from study that involved 35 apparently healthy West Africa Dwarf goats which were divided into groups PPRV and PPRV+MH with 15 goats each while 5 goats served as control. PPRV goats were infected intratracheally with 1ml of pure cultured 106.5 TCID50 PPR Pestes des petit Ruminant virus (PPRV) grown in baby hamster kidney cell lines and PPRV+MH with 1 ml of PPRV and a week later 1ml of MH (Mannheimia hemolytica) A2. The BALT number, type and cellularity were determined using standard methods with the use of an image analyzer. Student t-test was used to test for significant differences. The results showed that the average number of BALT was significantly more in PPRV+MH infection than that of PPRV infection i.e. 6.20+/-3.63 for PPRV+MH and 4.11+/-2.92 for PPRV with more nodular types of BALT (8.01+/-1.83) than the aggregates type (4.3+/-1.50) while the average number of lymphocytes in the nodular, aggregate BALT significantly increased with 82.25+/-15.95, 56.00+/-7.28 in PPRV to 103.33+/-44.10, 66.00+/-7.93 in PPRV+MH respectively. There was an irregular pattern in the surface Area (SA) and Perimeter (P) of BALT following infections. The increase in average number of BALT and lymphocytes in PPRV+MH infection than that of PPRV infection showed that the development of BALT and the number of lymphocytes in BALT could be used to assess the mucosal immunity following intratracheal administration of PPRV and MH in goats. This is however the first study that described the morphometry of bronchial associated lymphoid tissue in experimental PPRV and PPRV+MH infection in Sub-Saharan goats.

Es escaso en la literatuta el conocimiento de la morfometría del tejido linfoide asociado a bronquios (BALT) y su posible exploración para el control de la neumonía viral común, pneumonia bacteriana y su co-infección en el ganado caprino subsahariano. Esta investigación utilizó tejidos archivados pertenecientes a 35 cabras enanas del oeste africano aparentemente sanas, que fueron divididas en grupos PPRV y PPRV+MH con 15 cabras cada uno, mientras que 5 cabras sirvieron como control. Las cabras PPRV fueron infectadas por vía intratraqueal con 1 ml de cultivo puro 106,5 TCID50 PPR virus Peste de Pequeños Rumiantes (PPRV) cultivados en líneas celulares renales de hámsters recien nacidos y PPRV+MH con 1 ml de PPRV y una semana después de 1 ml de MH (Mannheimia haemolytica) A2. El número de BALT, tipo y la celularidad se determinaron utilizando métodos estándar con el uso de un analizador de imágenes. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para probar las diferencias significativas. Los resultados mostraron que el número promedio de BALT fue significativamente mayor en la infección PPRV+MH que la infección PPRV, es decir, 6,20+/-3,63 para PPRV+MH y 4,11+/-2,92 para PPRV con un BALT principalmente de tipo nodular (8,01+/-1,83) que de tipo agregado (4,3+/-1,50), mientras que el número promedio de linfocitos en el BALT nodular y agregado aumentó significativamente con 82,25+/-15,95 y 56,00+/-7,28 en PPRV y, 103,33+/-44,10 y 66,00+/-7,93 en PPRV+MH respectivamente. No hubo un patrón irregular en el área de superficie y perímetro del BALT después de las infecciones. El aumento en el número promedio de BALT y linfocitos en la infección PPRV+MH comparado con la de infección PPRV mostró que el desarrollo de BALT y el número de linfocitos en BALT podría ser utilizado para evaluar la inmunidad de la mucosa después de la administración intratraqueal de PPRV+MH en cabras. Este es el primer estudio que describe la morfometría del tejido linfoide asociado a bronquios en la...

The pattern of distribution of pneumonic consolidation in experimental peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and/or Mannheimia Hemolytica Infection in West African dwarf goats / Patrón de distribución de la consolidación pneumónica en infección experimental con virus peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) y/o mannheimia hemolítica en cabras enanas del Oeste Africano

The study into the pattern of distribution of the lung consolidation associated with common viral and bacterial pneumonia and their co-infection in subsaharan goats is scanty in literatures. Fifty apparently healthy West Africa Dwarf goats (WAD) six months of age were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into groups A, B, and C with 15 goats each while 5 goats served as control. Group A goats infected with 1ml of pure culture (1 X 109 CFU) of Mannheimia haemolytica MH A2, while group B with 1ml of pure cultured 106.5 TCID50 PPR virus grown in Baby hamster kidney cell lines and group C with 1 ml of PPRV and a week later 1ml of MH A2. The degree of consolidation or pneumonia as a percentage of the total lung volume was determined by visual observation, palpation and measurement of the lesion which is estimated as a percentage of each lobe. Student t-test were used to test for significant differences. The right lungs have a higher lung consolidation percentage than the left in all the treatment groups. The accessory lobe was affected in the PPRV group. The MH group has the highest lung consolidation percentage (10.1 percent). The PPRV 1-28dpi has the lowest consolidation percentage (1.06 percent). There is significant difference in the consolidation percentage and mortality between MH, PPR+MH, PPRV 28-45 dpi and PPRV 1-28dpi (P<0.05). This observation further show that the right lung and the anterior lobes were more affected in experimental viral and bacterial respiratory pathogen and their co-infection as the trachea birfucation is first to the right and the distance between the right and the left birfucation was 1.5 +/- 0.35cm. It is the first study that describes and compare the pattern of distribution and morphometry of pneumonia in experimental PPRV, MH and PPRV+MH infections in goats.

El estudio sobre el patrón de distribución de la consolidación pulmonar asociada con neumonía virales y bacterianas comunes y sus co-infección en cabras Subsaharianas, es escasa en la literatura. Cincuenta cabras enanas de África occidental (WAD) aparentemente sanas de seis meses de edad fueron utilizados para el experimento. Los animales se dividieron en grupos A, B y C con 15 cabras cada uno mientras que el 5 cabras sirvió como control. Grupo A cabras infectadas con 1 ml de cultivo puro (1 X 109 UFC) de Mannheimia haemolytica MH A2, mientras que el grupo B con 1 ml de cultivo puro 10 6,5 DICT50 PPR cultivado en líneas celulares de riñón de crías de hámsters y el grupo C con 1 ml de PPRV y un semana después de 1 ml de MH A2. El grado de consolidación o neumonía como porcentaje del volumen pulmonar total se determinó por observación visual, palpación y la medición de la lesión que se estima como un porcentaje de cada lóbulo. El test t de Student se utilizaron para probar las diferencias significativas. El pulmón derecho tiene un porcentaje de consolidación pulmonar superior a izquierdo en todos los grupos de tratamiento. El lóbulo accesorio se vio afectado en el grupo de PPRV. El grupo MH tiene el porcentaje más alto de consolidación pulmonar (10,1 por ciento). El PPRV 1-28dpi tiene el menor porcentaje de consolidación (1,06 por ciento). No hay diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de consolidación y la mortalidad entre MH, MH + PPR, PPRV 28-45 dpi y PPRV 1-28dpi (P <0,05). Esta observación muestra además que el pulmón derecho y los lóbulos anteriores se vieron más afectados en infecciones respiratorias patógenas experimentales con agentes virales y bacterianos y su co-infección como la bifurcación traqueal es primero a la derecha y la distancia entre la derecha y la bifurcación izquierda fue de 1,5 +/- 0,35 cm. Es el primer estudio que describe y compara el patrón de distribución y la morfometría de las neumonías en PPRV experimentales, MH y MH + PPRV...

Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonadaceae on the dorsum of the human tongue

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae and Xanthomonadaceae on the posterior dorsum of the human tongue with the presence of tongue coating, gender, age, smoking habit and denture use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bacteria were isolated from the posterior tongue dorsum of 100 individuals in MacConkey agar medium and were identified by the API 20E system (Biolab-Mérieux). RESULTS: 43 percent of the individuals, presented the target microorganisms on the tongue dorsum, with greater prevalence among individuals between 40 and 50 years of age (p = 0.001) and non-smokers (p=0.0485). CONCLUSIONS: A higher prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae was observed on the tongue dorsum of the individuals evaluated. There was no correlation between these species and the presence and thickness of tongue coating, gender and presence of dentures.

Ocorrência de pneumonia associada à infecção por Mannheimia haemolytica em ovinos de Minas Gerais / Occurrence of pneumonia associated to infection by Mannheimia haemolytica in sheep of Minas Gerais

O trabalho descreve um surto de pneumonia em ovinos em uma propriedade na região central de Minas Gerais. Clinicamente os animais apresentavam apatia, mostravam dificuldade respiratória durante dois ou três dias ou morriam subitamente. À necropsia as alterações pulmonares eram similares em todos os ovinos. Havia consolidação dos lobos craniais e da parte ventral dos lobos caudais e ao corte fluía exsudato mucopurulento da traquéia e dos brônquios. No parênquima dos lobos craniais havia áreas brancas multifocais a coalescentes com 0,2-0,5cm de diâmetro, levemente proeminentes e intercaladas por áreas vermelho-escuras. Pleurite fibrinosa foi observada nos Ovinos 1, 2 e 3. As lesões de consolidação ocupavam cerca de 70-80 por cento da extensão pulmonar. Microscopicamente, as alterações eram de broncopneumonia fibrinopurulenta com intensa hiperemia, áreas com hemorragia intra-alveolar e espessamento dos septos interlobulares por inúmeros neutrófilos, restos celulares e intensa exsudação de fibrina. Áreas multifocais com necrose de liquefação contendo numerosas colônias bacterianas foram observadas no Ovino 3. Nos lobos craniais dos Ovinos 1, 2 e 3, haviam áreas com neutrófilos degenerados formando aglomerados de células alongadas com formato de "grãos de aveia" associados a colônias bacterianas. As alterações histológicas foram características de pneumonia causada por Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica. Amostras dos lobos craniais de todos os ovinos foram encaminhadas para cultivo bacteriológico e M. haemolytica foi isolada e identificada em todos os animais. Este é o primeiro relato correlacionando os achados patológicos e o isolamento de M. haemolytica como causa de broncopneumonia em ovinos no Brasil.

This paper describes an outbreak of pneumonia in a sheep herd in the central region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Clinically, the animals presented apathy, exhibited respiratory difficulty during 2 to 3 days or sudden death. The animals were not medicated and found dead. Grossly, the pulmonary findings were similar in all sheep. The pulmonary cranial lobes and the ventral portion of caudal lobes were consolidated and purulent exsudate streamed out of the airways. In the parenchyma of the cranial lobes there were white slightly prominent multifocal to coalescent areas with 0.2 to 0.5cm in diameter intercalated with dark red areas. Consolidated lesions occupied 70 to 80 percent of the lungs. Fibrinous pleuritis was observed in sheep 1, 2 and 3. Microscopically, the findings were fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia with intense hyperemia, areas with intra-alveolar hemorrhage and thickening of interlobular septa with numerous neutrophils, cellular rests and scattering fibrin. Multifocal areas with liquefaction necrosis containing numerous bacterial colonies were observed in sheep 1, 2 and 3. In the cranial lobes of these sheep, there were areas with degenerated neutrophils forming clusters of basophilic cells with alongated nuclei ("oat cells") associated with bacterial colonies. The histological findings were characteristic of pneumonia caused by Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica. Samples of the cranial lobes were sent for bacterial culture, and M. haemolytica was isolated and identified in all animals. This is the first report correlating pathological findings and the isolation of M. haemolytica as cause of bronchopneumonia in sheep in the country.

Mannheimiose pulmonar experimental em bezerros: swab nasal e nasofaringeano como auxílio diagnóstico: [revisão] / Experimental pneumonic mannheimiosis in calves: nasal and nasopharingeal swabs for diagnostic: [revision]

Um modelo experimental de mannheimiosepneumônica bovina (MPB) foi utilizado com o objetivo de avaliar as espécies bacterianas das cavidades nasais e nasofaringeanas em diferentes momentos do curso da doença, bem como verificar a eficiência diagnóstica do exame microbiológico dos swabs nasais (SN) e nasofaringeanos (SNF). Um total de 28 bezerros foi distribuído aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (G1 a G4). SN e SNF foram colhidos sete dias antes e 12 (G1), 24 (G2), 48 (G3) e 72 (G4) horas após a inoculação intrabronquial de Mannheimia haemolytica. Após a indução da MPB, a bactéria M. haemolytica biotipo A foi predominante nos SN e SNF, sendo isolada em todos os momentos avaliados, com exceção de um SN colhido 24 horas após a indução da infecção. Não houve diferença significativa nas taxas de isolamento de Pasteurella multocida nos SN ou SNF, colhidos antes e após a indução da MPB. Contudo, esta bactéria passou a ser isolada mais freqüentemente após a indução da MPB, principalmente no SNF. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o exame microbiológico de SN e SNF é um teste auxiliar no diagnóstico da MPB.

An experimental model of bovine pneumonic mannheimiosis (BPM) was used to evaluate the nasal and nasopharynx bacterial species of calves during the course of the disease and for checking the diagnostic efficiency of nasal swab (NS) and nasopharingeal swab (NPS) microbiological exams. A total of 28 calves were randomized into four experimental groups (G1-G4). NS and NPS were obtained 7 days before and 12 (G1), 24 (G2), 48 (G3) e 72 (G4) hours after intrabronchial inoculation of Mannheimia haemolytica. After the induction of BPM, M. haemolytica biotype A was the predominant isolated bacterium in NS and NPS in all evaluated sampling times, except for one NS (harvested 24 hours). There were no significant statistical differences for the rates of Pasteurella multocida isolation in NS and NPS, harvested before and after the induction of BPM. However, this bacterium was isolated more frequently after the induction of BPM, mainly in NPS. Therefore, the microbiological NS and NPS exams were important auxiliary tests for diagnosing BPM.

Ocorrência de Mannheimia haemolytica e de Pasteurella multocida em ovinos sadios e com enfermidade respiratória / Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida occurrence in healthy and affected lambs

Frequency of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in the respiratory tract of lambs in the region of Botucatu, SP, Brazil, was studied. Nasopharingeal and oropharingeal swabs were obtained from 262 animals: 180 from healthy and 82 from animals with respiratory diseases. M. haemolytica was the most prevalent (47 percent), followed by the association of M. haemolytica and P. multocida (27 percent), and P. multocida (11 percent). Animals with respiratory disease presented higher occurrence of P. multocida in the nasopharynx as compared to healthy animals (P<0.05). No significant difference in isolation rate of M. haemolytica, P. multocida, and association of these microorganisms in the oropharynx of healthy and affected animals was observed

Susceptibilidade in vitro a antimicrobianos da Mannheimia haemolytica e da Pasteurella multocida isoladas de ovinos sadios e com doenças respiratórias / In vitro susceptibility to antimicrobials of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolated from healthy ovine and with respiratory

Pasteurella multocida e Mannheimia haemolytica (P. haemolytica) estãoassociadas a enfermidades no sistema respiratório de ovinos. Com oobjetivo de avaliar a susceptibilidade in vitro destes microrganismosfrente aos antimicrobianos, foram colhidas amostras de nasofaringe(n=180) e orofaringe (n=82) de ovinos com e sem enfermidaderespiratória. Dentre os antimicrobianos testados, a sensibilidade foimaior para enrofloxacina (100%) e florfenicol (100%), considerandoseambas as espécies bacterianas. Observou-se resistência de M.haemolytica e P. multocida à tetraciclina (15,64% e 17,65%,respectivamente) e penicilina (1.82% e 4.2%, respectivamente).

Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica (P. haemolytica) areassociated with ovine respiratory diseases. With the purpose ofobserve the susceptibility in vitro of these organisms againstantimicrobials, were collected samples of nasopharingeal (n=180)and oropharingeal (n=82) from ovines healthy and with respiratorydisease. Among the antimicrobials tested, the sensibility was greaterfor enrofloxacin (100%) and florfenicol (100%), for both bacteria.The greater resistance indices for M. haemolytica and P. multocida wereobserved with tetracyclin (15.64% and 17.65% respectively) andpenicillin (1.82% and 4.2%).

Immunological studies on pasteurella haemolytica in sheep

In the period from January-July 2001 respiratory manifestations appeared on 53 out of 239 sheep at Sakha station of reproduction Research center, causing death of 30 cases. Clinically history symptoms and necropsy findings were reported. Pasteurella haemolytica was incriminated as the causative agent of this problem. This organism was isolated from nasal swabs of clinically diseased sheep and from pharyngonasal swabs, lung tissue of six emergency slaughtered cases. The isolates were identified biochemically and serologically and using pathogenicity test. Two antigens leukotoxin and whole cell associated with Pasteurella haemolytica. SDS-PAGE of leukotoxin yield four protein bands ranged from 80 KDa to 98 Kda while whole cell antigen yielded 10 protein bands ranged between 22 to 85 KDa. Antigens associated with P. haemolytica whole cell and leukotoxin were identified for their immunogenic activity by neutralization test and ELISA. The neutralizing antibodies against leukotoxin in sheep were significantly higher than antibodies against the whole cell antigen. Also, antibodies titre to leukotoxin by ELISA were significantly higher than antibody titre to whole cell antigen, Pathological examination revealed that the sacrified sheep suffered from pneumonia with various lesions in lymph nodes, liver, kidney, heart and brain

Resistencia y sensibilidad a antimicrobianos en cepas de Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida y Haemophilus somnus, aisladas en becerras lecheras en establos de Tijuana / Drug resistance and sensitivity in pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida and Haemophilus somnus isolated from dairy calves in Tijuana in the state of Baja California in Mexico

Se estudió la frecuencia de resistencia y sensibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro en 34 cepas de P. multocida, 31 de P. haemolytica y 11 de H, somnus, aislados de pulmones neumónicos de becerras de las cuencas lecheras de Tijuana y Rosarito, Baja Califonia Norte, a partir del mes de enero de 1996 hasta marzo de 1997. La sensibilidad y resistencia se determinó usando la prueba de Bauer-Kirby, mediante sensidiscos comerciales. Cada cepa bacteriana se probó contra 17 antibióticos. Se encontró una muy alta prevalencia (>90 por ciento) de resistencia en Pasteurella spp al probarse contra kanamicina o lincomicina; además de lo anterior, P. haemolytica mostró una alta resistencia (>80 por ciento) a penicilina y estreptomicina y H. somnus a penicilina, estreptomicina y ampicilina. Asimismo, más del 20 por ciento de los aislamientos de las 3 especies estudiadas presentaron resistencia a antibióticos de reciente introducción, tales como tilmicocina y florfenicol. Por el contrario, todas las cepas analizadas fueron sensibles a cefotaxima y más del 87 por ciento de los aislamientos fueron sensibles a mezlocilina y cefalexima. Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de que los veterinarios y productores lecheros de la región de Tijuana, sean más responsables en la utilización de antibióticos en el tratamiento de neumonías en becerras, debido al peligro creciente de la diseminación de cepas de Pasteurella spp o H. somnus resistentes a la mayoría de los antimicrobianos, lo cual puede complicar en el futuro el tratamiento de estos animales.

Caracterización de los procesos neumónicos en becerros lecheros de la región de Tijuana Baja California, México / Characterization of sairy calf pneumonia in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

Este estudio se realizó con objeto de caracterizar los procesos neumónicos sufridos por becerras lecheras de Tijuana, Baja California, México, así como conocer la importancia relativa de los principales agentes bacterianos involucrados. En 12 establos, con distintos tipos de alojamientos para sus crías, se obtuvieron muestras pulmonares de un total de 100 becerras, de 15 días a 4 meses de edad, con antecedentes de haber padecido neumonía. La mayor parte de los problemas neumónicos se presentaron en granjas que alojaron a sus crías dentro de edificios, mientras que las que utilizaban casetas exteriores mostraron el menor índice de mortalidad ocasionado por neumonías. Las muestras pulmonares fueron sembradas por duplicado en agar sangre y agar chocolate, e incubadas a 37oC por 24 h en aerobiosis o microaerobiosis, respectivamente. Las bacterias aisladas fueron identificadas de acuerdo a los métodos bioquímicos rutinarios, utilizando cepas de referencia como control. Se aisló Pasteurella multocida en 34 animales, P. haemolytica en 31 casos y Haemophilus somnus en 11 ocasiones. Además se aislaron diversas bacterias consideradas como secundarias: Streptococcus spp en 12 casos y Staphylococcus spp en 7 animales. La totalidad de las cepas aisladas de P. multocida fueron clasificadas como del biotipo A, al igual que las 31 cepas de P. haemolytica. De estas últimas, 26 cepas (83.9 por ciento) se clasificaron como serotipo 1 y solamente 2 cepas se caracterizaron como serotipo 2, detectándose 3 cepas no tipificables

Evaluación de la protección contra la pasteurelosis neumónica, en corderos vacunados con diferentes antígenos de Pasteurella haemolytica A1 / Lamb immunization against pneumonic pasteurellosis using different antigents of Pasteurella haemolytica A1

Con la finalidad de medir la protección contra pasteurelosis pulmonar que otorgan diferentes inmunógenos de Pasteurella haemolytica A1, éstos se evaluaron en 2 etapas: en condiciones de desafío experimental, y de desafío natural. En la primera, 42 corderos fueron distribuidos en 6 grupos: el Grupo A recibió cultivo vivo, el B sirvió como testigo, al C se le trató con una bacterina comercial, el D con leucotoxina (sobrenadante de cultivo), al E se le administró extracto solubre capsular (ESC) con leucotoxina y el F fue tratado con ESC con leucotoxina más adyuvante. En el día 35 los ovinos fueron expuestos al virus de PI3 y 7 días después fueron desafiados con P. haemolytica por vía transtorácica. Los corderos sobrevivientes fueron sacrificados al día 49, para el registro de lesiones y estudio bacteriológico. Se les tomó diariamente la temperatura rectal y muestras de suero cada 7 días, con el fin de medir anticuerpos anticápsula y antilecotoxina. En la evaluación de campo se trabajó con 4 grupos de 80 animales cada uno. Se midieron niveles de anticuerpos y se registraron parámetros de morbilidad y mortalidad. En la primera fase los títulos de anticuerpos anticápsula y antileucotoxina fueron estadísticamente significativos (P<0.05) en los grupos tratados con bacteria viva, leucotoxina y bacteriana comercial en comparación con el resto de los grupos; las lesiones fueron más severas en los grupos B, E y F. En la fase de campo en los grupos 1,2 y 4 se enfermaron la neumonía clínica 3 (3.75 por ciento), 5 (6.25 por ciento) y 4 (5 por ciento) animales, respectivamente, y en el grupo 3 (testigo) fueron 23 (28.75 por ciento). Con respecto a la mortalidad y los niveles de anticuerpos se encontró diferencia (P<0.05) entre los grupos 1 y 3. Los resultados obtenidos en ambas fases sugieren que la leucotoxina (sobrenadante de cultivo) y la bacteria viva pueden ser una opción importante en la prevención de las neumonías en ovinos

Efecto de la inmunización pasiva sobre la reacción de Shwartzman en el pulmón del conejo empleando lipopolisacárido de Pasteurella haemolytica / The effect of passive immunization on the Shwartzman reaction in the lung of rabbits induced by Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide

La reacción local de Shwartzman (RS) puede inducirse en el pulmón del conejo, empleando lipopolisacárido (LPS) de Pasteurella haemolytica. Se ha considerado que las lesiones provocadas por este fenómeno reflejan, al menos en parte, aquellas que se reconocen en casos naturales de pasteurelosis neumónica (PN) en el ganado. En este estudio se examinó la influencia de la inmunidad pasiva en el desarrollo de las lesiones pulmonares provocadas por la RS. Se emplearon dos grupo de conejos, el primer grupo recibió, por vía subcutánea, 4 ml de suero hiperinmune de conejo, preparado contra la cepa de P. haemolytica 82-25. El título de este suero contra el LPS de la bacteria fue de 1:2560, determinado por la prueba de hoaglutinación pasiva. El segundo grupo no recibió suero hiperinmune, sino solución salina fisiológica (SSF). Veinticuatro horas después, los grupos fueron subdivididos. La RS se provocó inoculando por vía endotraqueal 50 µg del LPS de la misma cepa de P. haemolytica y, 24 h más tarde, administrando 100 µg del mismo compuesto por vía endovenosa; a estos inóculos se les denominó preparatorio y desencadenante, respectivamente. Este procedimiento se realizó tanto en animales inmunizados como no inmunizados. Además, se incluyeron animales que recibieron solamente el inóculo preparatorio o el desencadenante. Todos los animales fueron sacrificados a las 36 h posinoculación; es decir, 60 h después de la inmunización pasiva y de la administración de SSF. Se emplearon secciones del pulmón derecho para observar los cambios patológicos, mientras que el pulmón izquierdo se empleó para realizar lavados bronquioalveolares (LBA) y determinar el número total de células y su conteo diferencial. Las lesiones reconocidas en los pulmones de los animales con RS fueron similares en severidad a las que se registraron en los conejos que recibieron únicamente la inoculación endotraqueal del LPS. Los animales que recibieron la inmunización pasiva presentaron una desproporción en las lesiones discretas, pero en otros, éstas fueron mucho más severas que en los animales no inmunizados. Estadísticamente, se identificaron diferencias entre los animales inmunizados y los no inmunizados en lo que concierne a número total de células y conteos diferenciales, siendo los valores mayores para los conejos inmunizados

Some investigation on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis [IBR] infection in friesian calves

Respiratory distress was shown to be problem in 1200 friesian calves belonging to military farm, El-Tall El-Kabeer. Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The problem began two weeks after importation and transportation of calves from western Nobaria to El-Tall El-Kabeer farm. The clinical signs observed were fever, dyspnea, nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity and occasionally coughing. Some complicated cases were emergency slaughtered or died. The signs were more serious in young calves [6-10 months] than in older calves [11-15 months]. The .morbidity rate was 77.16% while, the mortality rate 6.59%. Nasal and ocular swabs were taken for virological and bacteriological examinations. Also paired serum samples were collected from diseased calves for serum neutralization test [SNT]. Bovine herpesvirus type 1[BHV-1] was isolated on MDBK cell line and confirmed by virus neutralization test [VNT]. SNT revealed high titer which reached up to 1/320. In complicated cases Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated Transportation, overcrowding, and bad weather were considered to be predisposing factors for the disease. Injection of Enrofloxcin 10% [cidotryl-cid, Egypt, 1ml/40Kg. B W.] and tonics were given to minimize the course of the disease and secondary bacterial complication